Unyango lwamanzi amdaka ane-asidi
Amanzi amdaka ane-asidi ngamanzi amdaka anexabiso le-pH elingaphantsi kwe-6. Ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye noxinzelelo lwee-asidi, amanzi amdaka ane-asidi angahlulwa abe ngamanzi amdaka e-inorganic acid kunye namanzi amdaka e-organic acid. Amanzi amdaka ane-asidi enamandla kunye namanzi amdaka e-asidi ebuthathaka; Amanzi amdaka e-monoacid kunye namanzi amdaka e-polyacid; Amanzi amdaka ane-asidi aphantsi kunye namanzi amdaka ane-asidi aphantsi. Ngokwesiqhelo amanzi amdaka ane-asidi, ukongeza ekuqulatheni i-asidi ethile, adla ngokuba nee-ion zesinyithi ezinzima kunye neetyuwa zazo kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Amanzi amdaka ane-asidi avela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwemigodi, i-hydrometallurgy, ukuqengqeleka kwentsimbi, unyango lwe-asidi yomphezulu wesinyithi kunye neentsimbi ezingezizo i-ferrous, ishishini leekhemikhali, imveliso ye-asidi, iidayi, i-electrolysis, i-electroplating, iifayibha zokwenziwa kunye namanye amacandelo emizi-mveliso. Amanzi amdaka ane-asidi aqhelekileyo ngamanzi amdaka e-sulfuric acid, alandelwe ngamanzi amdaka e-hydrochloric acid kunye ne-nitric acid. Minyaka le, iTshayina isele iza kukhupha phantse isigidi see-cubic metres ze-asidi yenkunkuma yemizi-mveliso, ukuba la manzi amdaka akhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle konyango, aya kutshabalalisa imibhobho, onakalise izityalo, onakalise iintlanzi, onakalise iinqanawa, kwaye atshabalalise impilo yokusingqongileyo. Amanzi amdaka e-asidi yemizi-mveliso kufuneka aphathwe ukuze ahlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhupha yesizwe ngaphambi kokuba akhutshwe, amanzi amdaka e-asidi anokuphinda asetyenziswe aze asetyenziswe kwakhona. Xa kunyangwa i-asidi yenkunkuma, iindlela zingakhethwa ziquka unyango lwetyuwa, indlela yokugxila, indlela yokunciphisa iikhemikhali, indlela yokukhupha, indlela yokutshintshana kwe-ion resin, indlela yokwahlula i-membrane, njl.
1. ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ityuwa
Oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-salting out kukusebenzisa amanzi amaninzi anetyuwa eyomileyo ukuze kuthintelwe phantse zonke izinto ezingcolisayo kwi-asidi yenkunkuma. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela iya kuvelisa i-hydrochloric acid kwaye ichaphazele ukubuyiselwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-sulfuric acid kwi-asidi yenkunkuma, ngoko ke indlela yokucoca izinto ezingcolisayo kwi-asidi yenkunkuma ngesisombululo se-sodium bisulphate esiyomileyo ifundwe.
I-asidi yenkunkuma ine-sulfuric acid kunye nokungcola okuhlukeneyo kwendalo, oku ikakhulu kubuninzi obuncinci be-6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic acid kunye nee-isomers ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kwe-6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid eveliswa yi-toluene kwinkqubo ye-sulfonation, i-chlorination kunye ne-nitrification. Indlela ye-salting out kukusebenzisa amanzi amaninzi anetyuwa eyomileyo ukuze kuthintelwe phantse zonke izinto ezingcolisayo kwi-asidi yenkunkuma. Indlela yokuphinda usebenzise ityuwa ayinakususa kuphela izinto ezingcolisayo ezahlukeneyo kwi-asidi yenkunkuma, kodwa ikwabuyisela i-asidi ye-sulfuric ukuze ifake kwimveliso yomjikelo, igcine iindleko kunye namandla.
2. Indlela yokosa
Indlela yokosa isetyenziswa kwi-asidi eguquguqukayo efana ne-hydrochloric acid, eyahlulwa kwisisombululo ngokuyosa ukuze kufumaneke isiphumo sokubuyisela.
3. Indlela yokunciphisa iikhemikhali
Indlela esisiseko yokusabela kwe-asidi kwi-H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O ikwasisiseko esibalulekileyo sonyango lwamanzi amdaka ane-asidi. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka ane-asidi ziquka ukuthamba kunye nokurisayikilisha, ukuthamba kwamanzi amdaka ane-asidi, ukuthamba kwamayeza, ukuthamba kokucoca, njl. Kwimihla yokuqala yamashishini athile esinyithi nentsimbi eTshayina, uninzi lwawo lwalusebenzisa indlela yokuthamba kwe-asidi ukuze luphathe ulwelo olungcolileyo lwe-hydrochloric acid kunye ne-sulfuric acid pickling, ukuze ixabiso le-pH lifikelele kumgangatho wokukhupha. I-Sodium carbonate (i-soda ash), i-sodium hydroxide, i-limestone okanye i-lime njengezinto eziluhlaza zokuthamba kwe-asidi, ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kungabizi kakhulu, kulula ukwenza i-lime.
4. Indlela yokukhupha
Ukukhupha ulwelo-ulwelo, okwaziwa ngokuba kukukhupha i-solvent, ngumsebenzi weyunithi osebenzisa umahluko ekunyibilikeni kwezinto ezikwi-raw material liquid kwi-solvent efanelekileyo ukuze kuphunyezwe ukwahlulwahlulwa. Xa kunyangwa amanzi amdaka ane-asidi, kuyimfuneko ukwenza amanzi amdaka ane-asidi kunye ne-organic solvent ziqhagamshelane ngokupheleleyo, ukuze ukungcola kwi-waste acid kudluliselwe kwi-solvent. Iimfuneko ze-extractant zezi: (1) kuba i-waste acid ayisebenzi, ayisebenzi ngokweekhemikhali kunye ne-waste acid, kwaye ayinyibiliki kwi-waste acid; (2) Ukungcola kwi-waste acid kune-partition coefficient ephezulu kwi-extractant kunye ne-sulfuric acid; (3) Ixabiso liphantsi kwaye kulula ukulifumana; (4) Kulula ukwahlula kwizinto ezingcolileyo, ilahleko encinci xa isuswa. Izinto ezisetyenziswayo eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), ii-phenols (creosote crude diphenol), ii-halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether kunye ne-N-503.
5. indlela yokutshintshiselana nge-ion resin
Umgaqo osisiseko wokunyanga ulwelo lwenkunkuma ye-organic acid nge-ion exchange resin kukuba ezinye ii-ion exchange resins zinokufunxa ii-organic acids kwisisombululo se-waste acid kwaye zingabandakanyi ii-inorganic acids kunye neetyuwa zesinyithi ukuze kufezekiswe ukwahlulahlula ii-acids kunye neetyuwa ezahlukeneyo.
6. indlela yokwahlula inwebu
Kwinkunkuma ye-asidi, iindlela zonyango lwe-membrane ezifana ne-dialysis kunye ne-electrodialysis nazo zingasetyenziswa. Ukubuyiswa kwe-membrane ye-asidi yenkunkuma kusebenzisa umgaqo we-dialysis, oqhutywa kukwahluka koxinzelelo. Isixhobo sonke senziwe yi-membrane ye-dialysis ye-diffusion, ipleyiti yokukhupha ulwelo, ipleyiti yokuqinisa, ifreyimu yepleyiti yokuhamba kolwelo, njl.njl., kwaye ifezekisa isiphumo sokwahlukana ngokwahlula izinto kulwelo lwenkunkuma.
7. indlela yokupholisa i-crystallization
Indlela yokupholisa i-crystallization yindlela yokunciphisa ubushushu besisombululo kunye nokunciphisa i-solute. Isetyenziswa kwinkqubo yonyango lwe-waste acid ukuba ukungcola kwi-waste acid kupholiswe ukuze kubuyiselwe isisombululo se-asidi esihlangabezana neemfuno kwaye singasetyenziswa kwakhona. Umzekelo, i-waste sulfuric acid ekhutshwa kwinkqubo yokuhlamba i-acyl ye-rolling mill ine-ferrous sulfate eninzi, ephathwa ngenkqubo ye-concentration-crystallization kunye ne-filtration. Emva kokususwa kwe-ferrous sulfate ngokuhluza, i-asidi ingabuyiselwa kwinkqubo ye-steel pickling ukuze iqhubeke nokusetyenziswa.
Ukupholisa i-crystallization kunezicelo ezininzi zoshishino, eziboniswa apha yinkqubo yokupheka kwi-metal processing. Kwinkqubo yokucubungula intsimbi kunye ne-mechanical, isisombululo se-sulfuric acid sisetyenziswa kakhulu ukususa umhlwa kumphezulu wesinyithi. Ke ngoko, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe i-acid emdaka kunokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko kwaye kukhusele okusingqongileyo. Ukupholisa i-crystallization kusetyenziswa kumashishini ukufezekisa le nkqubo.
8. Indlela yokufunxa i-oxidation
Le ndlela ibisetyenziswa ixesha elide, kwaye umgaqo kukubola ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo kwi-waste sulfuric acid ngee-oxidizing agents phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ukuze iguqulwe ibe yi-carbon dioxide, amanzi, ii-nitrogen oxides, njl.njl., kwaye yahlulwe kwi-sulfuric acid, ukuze i-waste sulfuric acid ihlanjululwe kwaye ibuyiselwe. Ii-oxidants ezisetyenziswa rhoqo yi-hydrogen peroxide, i-nitric acid, i-perchloric acid, i-hypochlorous acid, i-nitrate, i-ozone njalo njalo. I-oxidizer nganye ineenzuzo kunye nemida yayo.