Iikhemikhali kunye nenkqubo yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini

1. Yintoni i-ammonia nitrogen?

I-ammonia nitrogen ibhekisa kwi-ammonia ngohlobo lwe-ammonia ekhululekileyo (okanye i-non-ionic ammonia, i-NH3) okanye i-ionic ammonia (NH4+). I-pH ephezulu kunye nenxalenye ephezulu ye-ammonia ekhululekileyo; Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inxalenye yetyuwa ye-ammonium iphezulu.

I-ammonia nitrogen sisondlo esifumaneka emanzini, esinokubangela ukuba amanzi angabi namanzi, kwaye sesona singcolisi siphambili esidla ioksijini emanzini, nto leyo eyingozi kwiintlanzi nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

Isiphumo esiyingozi kakhulu se-ammonia nitrogen kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini yi-free ammonia, enobuthi obukhulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunetyuwa ye-ammonium, kwaye iyanda ngokunyuka kwe-alkalinity. Ubuthi be-ammonia nitrogen bunxulumene kakhulu nexabiso le-pH kunye nobushushu bamanzi echibini, ngokubanzi, okukhona ixabiso le-pH kunye nobushushu bamanzi liphezulu, kokukhona ubuthi bunamandla.

Iindlela ezimbini eziqikelelweyo zokulinganisa umbala ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ukufumanisa i-ammonia yindlela ye-Nessler reagent yakudala kunye nendlela ye-phenol-hypochlorite. Iindlela zokulinganisa kunye neendlela zombane nazo zihlala zisetyenziswa ukufumanisa i-ammonia; Xa umxholo we-ammonia nitrogen uphezulu, indlela yokulinganisa i-distillation ingasetyenziswa. (Imigangatho yesizwe ibandakanya indlela ye-Nath's reagent, i-salicylic acid spectrophotometry, indlela yokulinganisa i-distillation - titration)

2. Inkqubo yokususa i-nitrogen ebonakalayo neyekhemikhali

① Indlela yokukhupha imvula ngamakhemikhali

Indlela yokukhupha amanzi ngekhemikhali, eyaziwa ngokuba yindlela yokukhupha amanzi ngeMAP, kukongeza i-magnesium kunye ne-phosphoric acid okanye i-hydrogen phosphate emanzini amdaka ane-ammonia nitrogen, ukuze i-NH4+ emanzini amdaka iphendulane ne-Mg+ kunye ne-PO4- kwisisombululo samanzi ukuvelisa i-ammonium magnesium phosphate precipitation, ifomula yemolekyuli yi-MgNH4P04.6H20, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen. I-Magnesium ammonium phosphate, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-struvite, ingasetyenziswa njengomgquba, isongezo somhlaba okanye isithinteli somlilo ekwakheni iimveliso zesakhiwo. I-equation yempendulo yile ilandelayo:

Mg++ NH4 + + PO4 – = MgNH4P04

Izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela isiphumo sonyango lwemvula yamakhemikhali lixabiso le-pH, ubushushu, uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia nitrogen kunye nomlinganiselo we-molar (n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)). Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba xa ixabiso le-pH liyi-10 kwaye umlinganiselo we-molar we-magnesium, i-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus uyi-1.2:1:1.2, isiphumo sonyango singcono.

Ukusebenzisa i-magnesium chloride kunye ne-disodium hydrogen phosphate njengezinto ezibangela ukudumba, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba isiphumo sonyango singcono xa ixabiso le-pH liyi-9.5 kwaye umlinganiselo we-molar we-magnesium, i-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus uyi-1.2:1:1.

Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iMgC12+Na3PO4.12H20 ingcono kunezinye iindibaniselwano zeearhente ezibangela ukudumba. Xa ixabiso le-pH liyi-10.0, ubushushu buyi-30℃, n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)= 1:1:1, uxinaniso lobunzima be-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka emva kokuxutywa imizuzu engama-30 luyancitshiswa ukusuka kwi-222mg/L ngaphambi konyango ukuya kwi-17mg/L, kwaye izinga lokususa liyi-92.3%.

Indlela yokukhupha amanzi ngeekhemikhali kunye nendlela yokukhupha amanzi amdaka nge-liquid membrane zadityaniswa ukuze kulungiswe amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen axineneyo kakhulu. Phantsi kweemeko zokuphucula inkqubo yokukhupha amanzi, izinga lokususa i-ammonia nitrogen lafikelela kwi-98.1%, emva koko unyango olongezelelweyo ngendlela yokukhupha amanzi amdaka lwanciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia nitrogen lwaya kwi-0.005g/L, lwafikelela kumgangatho wesizwe wokukhupha amanzi angcolileyo.

Isiphumo sokususwa kwee-ion zesinyithi ze-divalent (Ni+, Mn+, Zn+, Cu+, Fe+) ngaphandle kweMg+ kwi-ammonia nitrogen phantsi kwesenzo se-phosphate siphandiwe. Inkqubo entsha ye-CaSO4 precipitation-MAP precipitation icetyisiwe kumanzi amdaka e-ammonium sulfate. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba umlawuli wendabuko we-NaOH unokutshintshwa yilayimu.

Inzuzo yendlela yokukhupha amanzi amdaka ngekhemikhali kukuba xa uxinzelelo lwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen luphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela kulinganiselwe, njengendlela yebhayoloji, indlela ye-break point chlorination, indlela yokwahlula i-membrane, indlela yokutshintshana kwe-ion, njl. Ngeli xesha, indlela yokukhupha amanzi ngekhemikhali ingasetyenziselwa unyango lwangaphambi konyango. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa indlela yokukhupha amanzi ngekhemikhali kungcono, kwaye ayithintelwanga bubushushu, kwaye ukusebenza kulula. I-sludge efakwe i-magnesium ammonium phosphate ingasetyenziswa njengesichumiso esidibeneyo ukuze kusetyenziswe inkunkuma, ngaloo ndlela ihlawule inxalenye yeendleko; Ukuba inokudityaniswa namanye amashishini avelisa amanzi amdaka e-phosphate kunye namashishini avelisa ityuwa, inokonga iindleko zamayeza kwaye iququzelele ukusetyenziswa okukhulu.

Ingxaki yendlela yokukhupha amanzi ngeekhemikhali kukuba ngenxa yokuthintelwa kwemveliso yokunyibilika kwe-ammonium magnesium phosphate, emva kokuba i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka ifikelele kuxinzelelo oluthile, isiphumo sokususa asibonakali kwaye iindleko zokufaka ziyanda kakhulu. Ke ngoko, indlela yokukhupha amanzi ngeekhemikhali kufuneka isetyenziswe kunye nezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo zonyango oluphambili. Ubungakanani be-reagent esetyenzisiweyo bukhulu, udaka oluveliswayo lukhulu, kwaye iindleko zonyango ziphezulu. Ukungeniswa kwee-ion ze-chloride kunye ne-phosphorus eseleyo ngexesha lokufaka iikhemikhali kunokubangela ungcoliseko lwesibini ngokulula.

Umenzi kunye noMboneleli we-Aluminium Sulfate ethengiswa ngobuninzi | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

Umvelisi kunye noMboneleli weDibasic Sodium Phosphate ngobuninzi | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

② indlela yokucima

Indlela yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen ngendlela yokuvuthela kukulungisa ixabiso le-pH libe yi-alkaline, ukuze i-ammonia ion emanzini amdaka iguqulwe ibe yi-ammonia, ukuze ibe khona ikakhulu ngohlobo lwe-ammonia ekhululekileyo, ize emva koko i-ammonia ekhululekileyo ikhutshwe emanzini amdaka ngegesi ethwalayo, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen. Izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvuthela lixabiso le-pH, ubushushu, umlinganiselo wegesi-ulwelo, izinga lokuhamba kwegesi, uxinzelelo lokuqala njalo njalo. Okwangoku, indlela yokuvuthela isetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lwamanzi amdaka anoxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-ammonia nitrogen.

Kuye kwafundwa indlela yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen kwi-leachate yokulahla inkunkuma. Kufunyaniswe ukuba izinto eziphambili ezilawula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-blow-off yayibubushushu, umlinganiselo wegesi-ulwelo kunye nexabiso le-pH. Xa ubushushu bamanzi bungaphezulu kwe-2590, umlinganiselo wegesi-ulwelo umalunga ne-3500, kwaye i-pH imalunga ne-10.5, izinga lokususa linokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-90% kwi-leachate yokulahla inkunkuma kunye noxinzelelo lwe-ammonia nitrogen oluphezulu njenge-2000-4000mg/L. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba xa i-pH = 11.5, ubushushu bokususa inkunkuma buyi-80cC kwaye ixesha lokususa inkunkuma liyi-120min, izinga lokususa i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka linokufikelela kwi-99.2%.

Ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvuthela amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen axineneyo kakhulu kwenziwe nge-countercurrent blowing-off tower. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvuthela kwanda ngokunyuka kwexabiso le-pH. Okukhona umlinganiselo wegesi nolwelo umkhulu, kokukhona amandla okuqhuba ukuvuthela i-ammonia ayanda, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvuthela kuyanda.

Ukususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen ngendlela yokuvuthela kuyasebenza, kulula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye kulula ukuyilawula. I-ammonia nitrogen evuthelayo ingasetyenziswa njengesifunxi esine-sulfuric acid, kwaye imali ye-sulfuric acid evelisiweyo ingasetyenziswa njengesichumisi. Indlela yokuvuthela yiteknoloji esetyenziswa rhoqo ekususweni kwe-nitrogen ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwekhemikhali okwangoku. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokuvuthela ineengxaki ezithile, ezifana nokukhula rhoqo kwinqaba yokuvuthela, ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa i-ammonia nitrogen kubushushu obuphantsi, kunye nongcoliseko lwesibini olubangelwa yigesi yokuvuthela. Indlela yokuvuthela ngokubanzi idityaniswa nezinye iindlela zonyango lwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen ukuze kulungiswe kwangaphambili amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen anoxinzelelo oluphezulu.

③Ukunyibilika kwe-chlorine kwindawo ephukileyo

Indlela yokususa i-ammonia nge-break point chlorination kukuba igesi ye-chlorine isabela kunye ne-ammonia ukuze ivelise igesi ye-nitrogen engenabungozi, kwaye i-N2 iphuma iye emoyeni, nto leyo eyenza umthombo wempendulo uqhubeke ngasekunene. Ifomyula yempendulo yile:

I-HOCl NH4 + + 1.5 – > 0.5 N2 H20 H++ Cl – 1.5 + 2.5 + 1.5)

Xa igesi yekhlorini idluliselwa emanzini amdaka ukuya kwindawo ethile, umxholo wekhlorini ekhululekileyo emanzini uphantsi, kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia luyi-zero. Xa ubungakanani begesi yekhlorini budlula kwindawo, ubungakanani bekhlorini ekhululekileyo emanzini buya kwanda, ngoko ke, indawo ibizwa ngokuba yi-break point, kwaye i-chlorination kule meko ibizwa ngokuba yi-break point chlorination.

Indlela ye-break point chlorination isetyenziselwa ukunyanga amanzi amdaka okumba emva kokuvuthuza i-ammonia nitrogen, kwaye isiphumo sonyango sichaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo yinkqubo yokuvuthuza i-ammonia nitrogen ngaphambi konyango. Xa i-70% ye-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka isuswa ngenkqubo yokuvuthuza ize inyangwe nge-break point chlorination, uxinzelelo lobunzima be-ammonia nitrogen kwi-dfluent lungaphantsi kwe-15mg/L. UZhang Shengli nabanye bathathe amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen alinganisiweyo anoxinzelelo lobunzima be-100mg/L njengenjongo yophando, kwaye iziphumo zophando zibonise ukuba izinto eziphambili nezimbini ezichaphazela ukususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen nge-oxidation ye-sodium hypochlorite yayilumlinganiselo wobungakanani be-chlorine kwi-ammonia nitrogen, ixesha lokuphendula, kunye nexabiso le-pH.

Indlela ye-break point chlorination inamandla aphezulu okususa i-nitrogen, izinga lokususa linokufikelela kwi-100%, kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia emanzini amdaka lunokwehliswa luye kwi-zero. Isiphumo sizinzile kwaye asichaphazeleki bubushushu; Izixhobo zotyalo-mali ezimbalwa, impendulo ekhawulezayo nepheleleyo; Inefuthe lokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane emzimbeni wamanzi. Ububanzi bokusetyenziswa kwendlela ye-break point chlorination kukuba uxinzelelo lwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen lungaphantsi kwe-40mg/L, ngoko ke indlela ye-break point chlorination isetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango oluphambili lwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen. Imfuneko yokusetyenziswa nokugcinwa ngokukhuselekileyo iphezulu, iindleko zonyango ziphezulu, kwaye ii-chloramines kunye ne-chlorine organics eziphuma kwimveliso ziya kubangela ungcoliseko lwesibini.

④ indlela ye-catalytic oxidation

Indlela ye-catalytic oxidation yi-activation ye-catalyst, phantsi kobushushu obuthile kunye noxinzelelo, ngokusebenzisa i-air oxidation, izinto eziphilayo kunye ne-ammonia kwi-sewage zinoku-oxidized kwaye zibole zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi ezifana ne-CO2, i-N2 kunye ne-H2O, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokucoca.

Izinto ezichaphazela isiphumo se-catalytic oxidation ziimpawu ze-catalyst, ubushushu, ixesha lokuphendula, ixabiso le-pH, uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia nitrogen, uxinzelelo, amandla okuvuselela njalo njalo.

Inkqubo yokuwohloka kwe-ozonated ammonia nitrogen ifundwe. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba xa ixabiso le-pH linyuka, kwaveliswa uhlobo lwe-HO radical enekhono elinamandla lokuwohloka, kwaye izinga lokuwohloka lakhawuleza kakhulu. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba i-ozone inokuyiwohloka i-ammonia nitrogen ibe yi-nitrite kunye ne-nitrite ibe yi-nitrate. Uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia nitrogen emanzini luyancipha ngokunyuka kwexesha, kwaye izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen limalunga ne-82%. I-CuO-Mn02-Ce02 yasetyenziswa njenge-composite catalyst ukunyanga amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba umsebenzi we-oxidation we-composite catalyst esandula ukulungiswa uphuculwe kakhulu, kwaye iimeko ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo yi-255℃, 4.2MPa kunye ne-pH=10.8. Ekunyangweni kwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen ngoxinzelelo lokuqala lwe-1023mg/L, izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen linokufikelela kwi-98% ngaphakathi kwe-150min, lifikelele kumgangatho wokukhupha wesibini wesizwe (50mg/L).

Ukusebenza kwe-catalytic ye-zeolite exhaswa yi-TiO2 photocatalyst kuphandwe ngokufunda izinga lokuwohloka kwe-ammonia nitrogen kwisisombululo se-sulfuric acid. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba idosi efanelekileyo ye-Ti02/ zeolite photocatalyst yi-1.5g/L kwaye ixesha lokuphendula liyi-4h phantsi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka linokufikelela kwi-98.92%. Isiphumo sokususwa kwe-iron ephezulu kunye ne-nano-chin dioxide phantsi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kwi-phenol kunye ne-ammonia nitrogen sifundwe. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen liyi-97.5% xa i-pH=9.0 isetyenziswa kwisisombululo se-ammonia nitrogen esinoxinzelelo lwe-50mg/L, oluyi-7.8% kunye ne-22.5% ephezulu kuneye-iron ephezulu okanye i-Chine dioxide yodwa.

Indlela ye-catalytic oxidation ineengenelo zokusebenza kakuhle kokucoca, inkqubo elula, indawo encinci esezantsi, njl.njl., kwaye idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukunyanga amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen axineneyo kakhulu. Ubunzima bokusetyenziswa yindlela yokuthintela ukulahleka kwe-catalyst kunye nokukhuselwa kokugqwala kwezixhobo.

⑤ indlela yokuxilisa nge-electrochemical

Indlela ye-electrochemical oxidation ibhekisa kwindlela yokususa ungcoliseko emanzini ngokusebenzisa i-electrooxidation ene-catalytic activity. Izinto ezichaphazelayo yi-current density, i-inlet flow rate, ixesha lokuphuma kunye nexesha lesisombululo se-point.

Kufundwe nge-electrochemical oxidation yamanzi amdaka e-ammonia-nitrogen kwiseli ye-electrolytic flow flow, apho i-positive ingumbane wenethiwekhi ye-Ti/Ru02-TiO2-Ir02-SnO2 kwaye i-negative ingumbane wenethiwekhi ye-Ti. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba xa uxinzelelo lwe-chloride ion luyi-400mg/L, uxinzelelo lokuqala lwe-ammonia nitrogen yi-40mg/L, izinga lokuhamba elinamandla yi-600mL/min, uxinano lwangoku yi-20mA/cm2, kwaye ixesha le-electrolytic yi-90min, izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen yi-99.37%. Ibonisa ukuba i-electrolytic oxidation yamanzi amdaka e-ammonia-nitrogen inokusetyenziswa kakuhle.

3. Inkqubo yokususa i-nitrogen ngebhayoloji

① yonke i-nitrification kunye ne-denitrification

I-nitrification yenkqubo epheleleyo kunye ne-denitrification luhlobo lwendlela yebhayoloji esele isetyenziswa kakhulu ixesha elide okwangoku. Iguqula i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka ibe yi-nitrogen ngokusebenzisa uthotho lweempendulo ezifana ne-nitrification kunye ne-denitrification phantsi kwesenzo seentsholongwane ezahlukeneyo, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yonyango lwamanzi amdaka. Inkqubo ye-nitrification kunye ne-denitrification yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen kufuneka idlule kwizigaba ezibini:

I-Nitrification reaction: I-nitrification reaction igqitywa zii-aerobic autotrophic microorganisms. Kwimeko ye-aerobic, i-nitrogen engaphiliyo isetyenziswa njengomthombo we-nitrogen ukuguqula i-NH4+ ibe yi-NO2-, ize emva koko i-oxidized ibe yi-NO3-. Inkqubo ye-nitrification inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amabini. Kwinqanaba lesibini, i-nitrite iguqulwa ibe yi-nitrate (NO3-) ngokunika iibhaktheriya i-nitrite, kwaye i-nitrite iguqulwa ibe yi-nitrate (NO3-) ngokunika iibhaktheriya i-nitrite.

I-Denitrification reaction: I-Denitrification reaction yinkqubo apho iibhaktheriya ezinciphisa i-nitrite nitrogen kunye ne-nitrate nitrogen zinciphisa i-nitrite nitrogen kunye ne-nitrate nitrogen zibe yi-gaseous nitrogen (N2) kwimeko ye-hypoxia. Iibhaktheriya ezinciphisa i-denitrification zii-microorganisms ezingafaniyo, uninzi lwazo ziyinxalenye yeebhaktheriya ezihlala emanzini. Kwimeko ye-hypoxia, zisebenzisa i-oxygen kwi-nitrate njenge-electron acceptor kunye ne-organic matter (i-BOD component kwi-sewage) njengomnikeli we-electron ukubonelela ngamandla kwaye i-oxidized kwaye izinze.

Yonke inkqubo yokufaka i-nitrification kunye nobunjineli be-denitrification ibandakanya ikakhulu i-AO, i-A2O, i-oxidation ditch, njl.njl., eyindlela ekhulileyo esetyenziswa kushishino lokususa i-nitrogen yebhayoloji.

Indlela yonke ye-nitrification kunye ne-denitrification ineengenelo zesiphumo esizinzileyo, ukusebenza okulula, akukho ungcoliseko lwesibini kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Le ndlela ikwanazo nezinye iingxaki, ezifana nokuba umthombo wekhabhoni kufuneka wongezwe xa umlinganiselo we-C/N kumanzi amdaka uphantsi, imfuneko yobushushu ingqongqo, ukusebenza kakuhle kuphantsi kubushushu obuphantsi, indawo inkulu, imfuno yeoksijini inkulu, kwaye ezinye izinto eziyingozi ezifana nee-heavy metal ion zinefuthe elinzima kwiintsholongwane, ekufuneka zisuswe ngaphambi kokuba indlela yebhayoloji yenziwe. Ukongeza, uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-ammonia nitrogen kumanzi amdaka lukwanomphumo wokuthintela inkqubo ye-nitrification. Ke ngoko, unyango lwangaphambi konyango kufuneka lwenziwe ngaphambi kokuba kunyangwe amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen anokuxinana okuphezulu ukuze uxinzelelo lwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen lube ngaphantsi kwe-500mg/L. Indlela yendabuko yebhayoloji ifanelekile kunyango lwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen anokuxinana okuphantsi aqulethe izinto eziphilayo, ezifana nelindle lasekhaya, amanzi amdaka ekhemikhali, njl.

②Ukufakelwa kwe-nitrification ngaxeshanye kunye nokususwa kwe-nitrification (SND)

Xa i-nitrification kunye ne-denitrification zenziwa kunye kwi-reactor enye, ibizwa ngokuba yi-simultaneous digestion denitrification (SND). I-oksijini enyibilikisiweyo emanzini amdaka inqunyelwe yisantya sokusasazwa ukuze ivelise i-distilled oxygen gradient kwindawo ye-microenvironment kwi-microbial floc okanye i-biofilm, nto leyo eyenza i-distilled oxygen gradient kumphezulu wangaphandle we-microbial floc okanye i-biofilm incede ekukhuleni nasekusasazekeni kwe-aerobic nitrifying bacteria kunye ne-ammoniating bacteria. Xa ingena nzulu kwi-floc okanye kwi-membrane, i-distilled complexion ye-oxygen iyancipha, nto leyo ebangela indawo ye-anoxic apho i-denitrifying bacteria ilawula khona. Ngaloo ndlela kwakheka inkqubo yokugaya kunye ne-denitrification ngaxeshanye. Izinto ezichaphazela ukugaya kunye ne-denitrification ngaxeshanye zixabiso le-PH, ubushushu, i-alkalinity, umthombo we-organic carbon, i-dissolved oxygen kunye nobudala bodaka.

I-nitrification/denitrification ngaxeshanye yayikhona kwi-Carrousel oxidation ditch, kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-oxygen enyibilikisiweyo phakathi kwe-impeller evuthuzayo kwi-Carrousel oxidation ditch yehla kancinci kancinci, kwaye i-oxygen enyibilikisiweyo kwinxalenye esezantsi ye-Carrousel oxidation ditch yayingaphantsi kuneyo ekwinxalenye ephezulu. Amanqanaba okwenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-nitrate nitrogen kwinxalenye nganye ye-channel aphantse alingane, kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia nitrogen kwi-channel luhlala luphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-nitrification kunye ne-denitrification reactions zenzeka ngaxeshanye kwi-Carrousel oxidation channel.

Uphononongo malunga nonyango lwelindle lasekhaya lubonisa ukuba xa i-CODCr iphezulu, kokukhona i-denitrification iphezulu kwaye kokukhona i-TN isuswa ngcono. Isiphumo se-oksijini enyibilikisiweyo kwi-nitrification kunye ne-denitrification ngaxeshanye ilungile. Xa i-oksijini enyibilikisiweyo ilawulwa kwi-0.5 ~ 2mg / L, isiphumo sokususwa kwe-nitrogen iyonke silungile. Kwangaxeshanye, indlela ye-nitrification kunye ne-denitrification isindisa i-reactor, inciphisa ixesha lokuphendula, isebenzisa amandla aphantsi, igcina utyalo-mali, kwaye kulula ukugcina ixabiso le-pH lizinzile.

③Ukugaya ukutya okufutshane kunye nokunciphisa i-nitrogen emzimbeni

Kwi-reactor efanayo, iibhaktheriya ezikhupha i-ammonia zisetyenziselwa uku-oxidize i-ammonia ibe yi-nitrite phantsi kweemeko ze-aerobic, ize i-nitrite i-denitrified ngqo ukuvelisa i-nitrogen ene-organic matter okanye umthombo wekhabhoni wangaphandle njengomnikeli we-electron phantsi kweemeko ze-hypoxia. Izinto ezichaphazela i-nitrification yomgama omfutshane kunye ne-denitrification bubushushu, i-ammonia yasimahla, ixabiso le-pH kunye ne-oxygen enyibilikisiweyo.

Impembelelo yobushushu kwi-nitrification yomgama omfutshane yelindle kamasipala ngaphandle kwamanzi olwandle kunye nelindle kamasipala enamanzi olwandle angama-30%. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba: kwilindle kamasipala ngaphandle kwamanzi olwandle, ukunyusa ubushushu kuyanceda ekufezekiseni i-nitrification yomgama omfutshane. Xa umlinganiselo wamanzi olwandle kwilindle yasekhaya ungama-30%, i-nitrification yomgama omfutshane inokufezekiswa ngcono phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphakathi. IYunivesithi yeTekhnoloji yaseDelft iphuhlise inkqubo yeSHARON, ukusetyenziswa kobushushu obuphezulu (malunga nama-30-4090) kuyanceda ekwandeni kweebhaktheriya ze-nitrite, ukuze iibhaktheriya ze-nitrite zilahlekelwe lukhuphiswano, ngelixa ngokulawula ubudala bodaka ukuze kususwe iibhaktheriya ze-nitrite, ukuze impendulo ye-nitrification kwinqanaba le-nitrite.

Ngokusekelwe kumahluko phakathi kobudlelwane be-oksijini phakathi kwebhaktiriya ye-nitrite kunye nebhaktiriya ye-nitrite, i-Gent Microbial Ecology Laboratory yaphuhlisa inkqubo ye-OLAND yokufezekisa ukuqokelelwa kwe-nitrite nitrogen ngokulawula i-oksijini enyibilikisiweyo ukuze kususwe iibhaktiriya ze-nitrite.

Iziphumo zovavanyo lovavanyo lokuhlola unyango lwamanzi amdaka e-coking nge-nitrification emfutshane kunye ne-denitrification zibonisa ukuba xa amazinga e-COD, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-TN kunye ne-phenol echaphazelekayo eyi-1201.6,510.4,540.1 kunye ne-110.4mg/L, amanqanaba aphakathi e-COD e-effluent, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-TN kunye ne-phenol yi-197.1,14.2,181.5 kunye ne-0.4mg/L, ngokwahlukeneyo. Amanqanaba okususwa ahambelanayo ayeyi-83.6%,97.2%, 66.4% kunye ne-99.6%, ngokwahlukeneyo.

Inkqubo ye-nitrification yomgama omfutshane kunye ne-denitrification ayidluli kwinqanaba le-nitrate, nto leyo egcina umthombo wekhabhoni ofunekayo ekususweni kwe-nitrogen yebhayoloji. Inezibonelelo ezithile zamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen ane-C/N ephantsi. I-nitrification yomgama omfutshane kunye ne-denitrification inezibonelelo zokungcola okuncinci, ixesha elifutshane lokuphendula kunye nokonga umthamo we-reactor. Nangona kunjalo, i-nitrification yomgama omfutshane kunye ne-denitrification zifuna ukuqokelelana okuzinzileyo nokuhlala ixesha elide kwe-nitrite, ngoko ke indlela yokuthintela ngempumelelo umsebenzi weebhaktheriya ze-nitrifying iba ngundoqo.

④ Ukunyibilika kwe-ammonia engasebenzi kakuhle

I-Anaerobic ammoxidation yinkqubo yokunyibilikisa ngqo i-ammonia nitrogen kwi-nitrogen yibhaktheriya ezenzekelayo phantsi kwemeko ye-hypoxia, kunye ne-nitrous nitrogen okanye i-nitrous nitrogen njenge-electron acceptor.

Iziphumo zobushushu kunye ne-PH kumsebenzi webhayoloji we-anammoX zifundwe. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ubushushu obufanelekileyo bokusabela buyi-30℃ kwaye ixabiso le-pH liyi-7.8. Kufundwe ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukuba i-anaerobic ammoX reactor inyange usawoti ophezulu kunye namanzi amdaka ane-nitrogen angcolileyo axineneyo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba usawoti ophezulu uthintele kakhulu umsebenzi we-anammoX, kwaye olu thintelo lunokuguqulwa. Umsebenzi we-anaerobic ammox we-unaclimated sludge wawungaphantsi nge-67.5% kunowe-control sludge phantsi kosawoti we-30g.L-1(NaC1). Umsebenzi we-anammoX we-aclimated sludge wawungaphantsi nge-45.1% kunowolawulo. Xa i-aclimated sludge idluliselwa ukusuka kwindawo ene-sality ephezulu ukuya kwindawo ene-sality ephantsi (engenamanzi amdaka), umsebenzi we-anaerobic ammoX wonyuswe nge-43.1%. Nangona kunjalo, i-reactor idla ngokuncipha xa isebenza kwi-salinity ephezulu ixesha elide.

Xa kuthelekiswa nenkqubo yendabuko yebhayoloji, i-anaerobic ammoX yiteknoloji yokususa i-nitrogen yebhayoloji engabizi kakhulu kwaye ayinayo imithombo eyongezelelweyo yekhabhoni, imfuno ephantsi yeoksijini, akukho mfuneko yokuba ii-reagents zinciphise, kwaye imveliso yodaka incinci. Iingxaki ze-anaerobic ammox kukuba isantya sokusabela sicotha, umthamo we-reactor mkhulu, kwaye umthombo wekhabhoni awulungelanga i-anaerobic amMOX, enentsingiselo ebonakalayo yokusombulula amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen kunye nokubola okungalunganga.

4. inkqubo yokususa i-nitrogen yokwahlula kunye nokufunxa

① indlela yokwahlula inwebu

Indlela yokwahlula i-membrane kukusebenzisa ukuvuleka okukhethiweyo kwe-membrane ukwahlula ngokukhethekileyo izinto ezikulwelo, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen. Kubandakanya i-reverse osmosis, i-nanofiltration, i-deammoniating membrane kunye ne-electrodialysis. Izinto ezichaphazela ukwahlukana kwe-membrane ziimpawu ze-membrane, uxinzelelo okanye i-voltage, ixabiso le-pH, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwe-ammonia nitrogen.

Ngokwemigangatho yamanzi amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen akhutshwa ngumnyibilikisi wehlabathi onqabileyo, uvavanyo lwe-reverse osmosis lwenziwe nge-NH4C1 kunye namanzi amdaka alinganisiweyo e-NaCI. Kufunyaniswe ukuba phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, i-reverse osmosis inezinga eliphezulu lokususa i-NaCI, ngelixa i-NHCl inezinga eliphezulu lokuvelisa amanzi. Izinga lokususa i-NH4C1 yi-77.3% emva konyango lwe-reverse osmosis, olunokusetyenziswa njengonyango lwangaphambi kokusebenzisa amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen. Itekhnoloji ye-reverse osmosis inokonga amandla, uzinzo oluhle lobushushu, kodwa ukumelana ne-chlorine, ukumelana nongcoliseko kuphantsi.

Inkqubo yokwahlula i-nanofiltration membrane ye-biochemical yasetyenziswa ukunyanga i-leachate ye-landfill, ukuze i-85% ~ 90% yolwelo olungena emanzini ikhutshwe ngokwemigangatho, kwaye yi-0% ~ 15% kuphela yolwelo lwe-sewage oluxineneyo kunye nodaka olubuyiselwe kwitanki yenkunkuma. U-Ozturki nabanye baphatha i-leachate ye-landfill yase-Odayeri eTurkey nge-nanofiltration membrane, kwaye izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen lalimalunga ne-72%. I-nanofiltration membrane ifuna uxinzelelo oluphantsi kune-reverse osmosis membrane, kulula ukuyisebenzisa.

Inkqubo yokususa i-ammonia isetyenziswa kakhulu ekunyangweni kwamanzi amdaka nge-ammonia nitrogen eninzi. I-ammonia nitrogen emanzini inomlinganiselo olandelayo: i-NH4- +OH-= i-NH3+H2O isebenza, amanzi amdaka aqulethe i-ammonia ahamba kwiqokobhe le-membrane module, kwaye ulwelo olufunxa i-asidi luhamba kwipayipi ye-membrane module. Xa i-PH yamanzi amdaka inyuka okanye ubushushu bunyuka, ukulingana kuya kutshintshela ngasekunene, kwaye i-ammonium ion i-NH4- iba yi-free gaseous NH3. Ngeli xesha, i-gaseous NH3 inokungena kwi-acid absorption liquid phase kwipayipi ukusuka kwi-water waste phase kwi-shell ngokusebenzisa ii-micropores kumphezulu we-hollow fiber, efunxwa sisisombululo se-asidi kwaye ngoko nangoko ibe yi-ionic NH4-. Gcina i-PH yamanzi amdaka ingaphezulu kwe-10, kunye nobushushu obungaphezulu kwe-35 ° C (ngaphantsi kwe-50 ° C), ukuze i-NH4 kwi-water waste phase iqhubeke ibe yi-NH3 ukuya kwi-absorption liquid phase migration. Ngenxa yoko, uxinano lwe-ammonia nitrogen kwicala lamanzi amdaka luyehla rhoqo. Isigaba solwelo lokufunxwa kwe-asidi, kuba kukho i-asidi kunye ne-NH4- kuphela, senza ityuwa ye-ammonium ecocekileyo kakhulu, kwaye ifikelela kuxinano oluthile emva kokujikeleza okuqhubekayo, olunokuphinda lusetyenziswe. Kwelinye icala, ukusetyenziswa kobu buchwephesha kunokuphucula kakhulu izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka, kwaye kwelinye icala, kunokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza zizonke zenkqubo yonyango lwamanzi amdaka.

② indlela ye-electrodialysis

I-Electrodialysis yindlela yokususa izinto eziqinileyo ezinyibilikisiweyo kwizisombululo zamanzi ngokusebenzisa i-voltage phakathi kwee-membrane pairs. Phantsi kwesenzo se-voltage, ii-ammonia ion kunye nezinye ii-ions kumanzi amdaka e-ammonia-nitrogen ziyatyetyiswa nge-membrane kumanzi axineneyo aqulethe i-ammonia, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokususa.

Indlela ye-electrodialysis yasetyenziswa ukunyanga amanzi amdaka angaphiliyo ane-nitrogen eninzi ye-ammonia kwaye yafumana iziphumo ezilungileyo. Kwi-2000-3000mg /L yamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen, izinga lokususwa kwe-nitrogen ye-ammonia linokuba ngaphezulu kwe-85%, kwaye amanzi e-ammonia axineneyo anokufunyanwa nge-8.9%. Ubungakanani bombane osetyenziswayo ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-electrodialysis bulingana nobungakanani be-nitrogen ye-ammonia emanzini amdaka. Unyango lwe-electrodialysis lwamanzi amdaka alukhawulelwanga lixabiso le-pH, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo, kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa.

Iingenelo zokwahlulwa kwe-membrane kukubuyiselwa okuphezulu kwe-ammonia nitrogen, ukusebenza okulula, isiphumo sonyango esizinzileyo kunye nokungabikho kongcoliseko lwesibini. Nangona kunjalo, ekunyangweni kwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen anoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ngaphandle kwe-membrane e-deammoniated, ezinye ii-membrane kulula ukuzilinganisa kwaye ziyavaleka, kwaye ukuhlaziywa kunye nokuhlamba umva kuxhaphakile, okunyusa iindleko zonyango. Ke ngoko, le ndlela ifanelekile ngakumbi kunyango lwangaphambi konyango okanye amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen anoxinzelelo oluphantsi.

③ Indlela yokutshintshiselana nge-ion

Indlela yokutshintshiselana nge-ion yindlela yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka ngokusebenzisa izinto ezine-adsorption enamandla ekhethiweyo yee-ion ze-ammonia. Izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekutsaleni yi-activated carbon, i-zeolite, i-montmorillonite kunye ne-exchange resin. I-Zeolite luhlobo lwe-silico-aluminate enesakhiwo sendawo esinemilinganiselo emithathu, isakhiwo se-pore eqhelekileyo kunye nemingxunya, phakathi kwayo i-clinoptilote inomthamo oqinileyo wokufaka i-ammonia ion kunye nexabiso eliphantsi, ngoko ke isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokufaka i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka kubunjineli. Izinto ezichaphazela isiphumo sonyango lwe-clinoptilote ziquka ubungakanani beesuntswana, uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia nitrogen olunamandla, ixesha lokudibana, ixabiso le-pH njalo njalo.

Isiphumo sokufunxa i-zeolite kwi-ammonia nitrogen sicacile, silandelwa yi-ranite, kwaye isiphumo somhlaba kunye ne-ceramisite asisihle. Indlela ephambili yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen kwi-zeolite kukutshintshiselana kwee-ion, kwaye isiphumo sokufunxa ngokwasemzimbeni sincinci kakhulu. Isiphumo sokutshintshiselana kwee-ion se-ceramite, umhlaba kunye ne-ranite sifana nesiphumo sokufunxa ngokwasemzimbeni. Umthamo wokufunxa wee-fillers ezine wehla ngokunyuka kobushushu kuluhlu lwe-15-35℃, kwaye wanda ngokunyuka kwexabiso le-pH kuluhlu lwe-3-9. Ukulingana kokufunxa kwafikelelwa emva kwe-oscillation yeeyure ezi-6.

Kufundwe ukuba kunokwenzeka ukususa i-ammonia nitrogen kwi-leachate yokulahla inkunkuma nge-zeolite adsorption. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba igram nganye ye-zeolite inamandla okufunxa amanzi alinganiselweyo e-15.5mg ye-ammonia nitrogen, xa ubungakanani be-zeolite particle buyi-30-16 mesh, izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen lifikelela kwi-78.5%, kwaye phantsi kwexesha elifanayo lokufunxa amanzi, umthamo kunye nobukhulu be-zeolite particle, kokukhona uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia nitrogen olunamandla luphezulu, kokukhona izinga lokufunxa amanzi liphezulu, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba i-zeolite njenge-adsorbent isuse i-ammonia nitrogen kwi-leachate. Kwangaxeshanye, kuboniswe ukuba izinga lokufunxa amanzi le-ammonia nitrogen yi-zeolite liphantsi, kwaye kunzima ukuba i-zeolite ifikelele kumandla okufunxa amanzi aneleyo ekusebenzeni okusebenzayo.

Isiphumo sokususwa kwebhedi ye-zeolite yebhayoloji kwi-nitrogen, i-COD kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kwi-liquid yelali eyenziwe ngendlela efanayo sifundwe. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen yibhedi ye-zeolite yebhayoloji lingaphezulu kwe-95%, kwaye ukususwa kwe-nitrate nitrogen kuchaphazeleka kakhulu lixesha lokuhlala kwe-hydraulic.

Indlela yokutshintshiselana ngee-ion ineengenelo zotyalo-mali oluncinci, inkqubo elula, ukusebenza okulula, ukungavakalelwa yityhefu kunye nobushushu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-zeolite ngokuvuselela. Nangona kunjalo, xa kunyangwa amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen axineneyo kakhulu, ukuvuselelwa kwenzeka rhoqo, nto leyo ebangela ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni, ngoko ke kufuneka idityaniswe nezinye iindlela zonyango lwe-ammonia nitrogen, okanye isetyenziswe ukunyanga amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen axineneyo kakhulu.

Umenzi kunye noMboneleli we-4A Zeolite ngobuninzi | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)