Ukunyangwa kwamanzi amdaka aneasidi

Amanzi amdaka ane-asidi ngamanzi amdaka anexabiso le-pH elingaphantsi kwe-6. Ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye noxinzelelo lwee-asidi, amanzi amdaka aneasidi anokohlulwa abe ngamanzi amdaka ange-asidi ephilayo kunye namanzi amdaka aneasidi ephilayo.Amanzi amdaka aqinileyo aneasidi kunye namanzi amdaka aneasidi ebuthathaka;Amanzi amdaka e-Monoacid kunye namanzi amdaka e-polyacid;Amanzi amdaka ane-acidic ephantsi kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwamanzi amdaka aneasidi.Amanzi amdaka aneasidi, ngaphezu kokuqulatha iasidi, ahlala equlathe ii-ion zesinyithi esinzima kunye neetyuwa zazo kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi.Amanzi amdaka e-Acidic avela kuluhlu olubanzi lwemithombo, kubandakanywa ukuchithwa kwemigodi, i-hydrometallurgy, i-steel rolling, unyango lwe-asidi ye-asidi yentsimbi kunye ne-non-ferrous metal, imboni yeekhemikhali, imveliso ye-asidi, idayi, i-electrolysis, i-electroplating, iifayili ezenziweyo kunye namanye amacandelo oshishino.Amanzi amdaka aqhelekileyo aneasidi yesulfuric, elandelwa yi-hydrochloric acid kunye namanzi amdaka e-nitric acid.Rhoqo ngonyaka, i-China iza kukhupha malunga nesigidi se-cubic metres ye-asidi yenkunkuma yemizi-mveliso, ukuba la manzi amdaka akhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle konyango, aya konakalisa imibhobho, yonakalise izityalo, yonakalise iintlanzi, yonakalise iinqanawa kwaye itshabalalise impilo yokusingqongileyo.Amanzi amdaka e-acid ye-industrial kufuneka acocwe ukuze ahlangabezane nemigangatho yesizwe yokukhutshelwa phambi kokukhutshelwa, amanzi amdaka aneasidi anokuphinda asetyenziswe kwaye asetyenziswe kwakhona.Xa uphatha i-asidi yenkunkuma, iindlela ezinokuthi zikhethwe ziquka unyango lwetyuwa, indlela yoxinaniso, indlela ye-chemical neutralization, indlela yokukhupha, indlela ye-ion exchange resin, indlela yokuhlukanisa i-membrane, njl.

1. ukugaywa kwakhona kwetyuwa

Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-salting out kukusebenzisa isixa esikhulu samanzi anetyuwa ahluthisiweyo ukuthoba phantse zonke izinto ezimdaka kwi-asidi yenkunkuma.Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela iya kuvelisa i-hydrochloric acid kwaye ichaphazele ukubuyiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric kwi-asidi yenkunkuma, ngoko ke indlela yokucoca ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo kwi-asidi yenkunkuma kunye ne-sodium bisulphate isisombululo esigcweleyo yafundwa.
I-asidi yenkunkuma iqulethe i-asidi ye-sulfuric kunye nokungcola okuhlukahlukeneyo kwezinto eziphilayo, eziye ziyi-6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic acid kunye ne-isomers ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kwe-6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid eveliswa yi-toluene inkqubo ye-sulfonation, i-chlorination kunye ne-nitrification.Indlela yokukhupha ityuwa kukusebenzisa isixa esikhulu samanzi anetyuwa ahluthisiweyo ukugalela phantse bonke ubumdaka bendalo obukwinkunkuma yeasidi.Indlela yokuphinda isetyenziswe ngetyuwa ayinakususa kuphela ubumdaka obuhlukeneyo bendalo kwiasidi yenkunkuma, kodwa iphinde ibuyise iasidi yesulfuric ukuze ifakwe kwimveliso yomjikelo, ukonga iindleko kunye namandla.

2. Indlela yokuqhotsa

Indlela yokugcoba isetyenziswe kwi-asidi eguqukayo efana ne-hydrochloric acid, eyahlulwe kwisisombululo ngokutshisa ukuphumeza umphumo wokubuyisela.

3. Indlela yokungathathi hlangothi kweekhemikhali

Isiseko se-acid-base reaction ye-H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O ikwasisiseko esibalulekileyo sonyango lwamanzi amdaka aneasidi.Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka ane-asidi ziquka ukungathathi hlangothi kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe, ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-asidi-isiseko samanzi amdaka, ukuchithwa kweziyobisi, ukuchithwa kwe-filtration, njl. i-acid-base neutralization ukunyanga inkunkuma ye-hydrochloric acid kunye ne-sulfuric acid pickling, ukwenzela ukuba ixabiso le-pH lifikelele kwinqanaba lokukhupha.I-sodium carbonate (i-soda ash), i-sodium hydroxide, i-limestone okanye i-limestone njengezinto eziluhlaza ze-acid-base neutralization, ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuncinci, kulula ukwenza ikalika.

4. Indlela yokukhupha

Ukukhutshwa kwe-Liquid-liquid, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-solvent extraction, ngumsebenzi weyunithi esebenzisa umahluko kwi-solubility yamacandelo kulwelo lwe-raw material kwi-solvent efanelekileyo ukuphumeza ukwahlukana.Kunyango lwamanzi amdaka aqukethe i-asidi, kuyimfuneko ukwenza amanzi amdaka aqukethe i-asidi kunye ne-organic solvent contact ngokupheleleyo, ukwenzela ukuba ukungcola kwi-asidi ye-asidi kudluliselwe kwi-solvent.Iimfuno ze-extractant zezi: (1) kwi-asidi yenkunkuma i-inert, ayisebenzi ngokwekhemikhali kunye ne-asidi yenkunkuma, kwaye ayinyibiliki kwi-asidi yenkunkuma;(2) Ukungcola kwi-asidi yenkunkuma kune-coefficient ephezulu yokwahlula kwi-extractant kunye ne-sulfuric acid;(3) Ixabiso liphantsi kwaye kulula ukulifumana;(4) Kulula ukuhlukana nokungcola, ilahleko encinci xa ukhulula.Izicatshulwa eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-benzene (i-toluene, i-nitrobenzene, i-chlorobenzene), i-phenols (i-creosote crude diphenol), i-halogenated hydrocarbons (i-trichloroethane, i-dichloroethane), i-isopropyl ether kunye ne-N-503.

5. ion exchange resin indlela

Umgaqo osisiseko wokunyanga i-organic acid inkunkuma engamanzi nge-ion exchange resin kukuba ezinye iireyini zokutshintshiselana nge-ion zinokufunxa iiasidi ze-organic kwisisombululo se-asidi yenkunkuma kwaye zingabandakanyi ii-asidi ze-inorganic kunye neetyuwa zetsimbi ukufezekisa ukwahlulwa kweeasidi ezahlukeneyo kunye neetyuwa.

6. indlela yokwahlula inwebu

Kulwelo lwenkunkuma eneasidi, iindlela zonyango lwe-membrane ezifana ne-dialysis kunye ne-electrodialysis nazo zingasetyenziswa.Ukubuyiswa kwe-Membrane ye-asidi yenkunkuma ngokuyintloko kwamkela umgaqo we-dialysis, oqhutywa ngumahluko woxinaniso.Isixhobo sonke siqulunqwe ngenwebu ye-dialysis ye-diffusion, ipleyiti yokukhupha ulwelo, ipleyiti yokuqinisa, isakhelo sepleyiti yolwelo, njl.

7. indlela yokupholisa icrystallization

Indlela yokupholisa icrystallization yindlela yokunciphisa ubushushu besisombululo kunye nokunyusa i-solute.Isetyenziswa kwinkqubo yonyango lwe-asidi yenkunkuma ukuba ukungcola kwi-asidi yenkunkuma kuyapholiswa ukuze kubuyiselwe isisombululo se-asidi esihlangabezana neemfuno kwaye sinokusetyenziswa kwakhona.Ngokomzekelo, inkunkuma ye-sulfuric acid ekhutshwe kwinkqubo yokuhlamba i-acyl ye-rolling mill iqulethe inani elikhulu le-ferrous sulfate, eliphathwa ngenkqubo yoxinaniso-crystallization kunye nokucoca.Emva kokususwa kwe-sulfate ye-ferrous ngokucoca, i-asidi inokubuyiselwa kwinkqubo yokunyula insimbi ukuze iqhubeke isetyenziswe.
I-crystallization epholileyo inezicelo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso, eziboniswa apha ngenkqubo yokukhetha kwi-metal processing.Kwinkqubo yensimbi kunye nokulungiswa komatshini, isisombululo se-sulfuric acid sisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukususa i-rust phezu kwesinyithi.Ngoko ke, ukurisayikilishwa kwenkunkuma yeasidi kunokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko nokukhusela okusingqongileyo.I-crystallization yokupholisa isetyenziswe kwishishini ukufezekisa le nkqubo.

8. Indlela ye-oxidation

Le ndlela isetyenziswe ixesha elide, kwaye umgaqo kukubola ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo kwinkunkuma ye-sulfuric acid ngama-oxidizing agents phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ukwenzela ukuba iguqulwe ibe yi-carbon dioxide, amanzi, i-nitrogen oxides, njl. yahlulwe kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric, ukuze inkunkuma ye-asidi ye-sulfuric ihlanjululwe kwaye ibuyiselwe.Ngokuqhelekileyo i-oxidants esetyenziswa yi-hydrogen peroxide, i-nitric acid, i-perchloric acid, i-hypochlorous acid, i-nitrate, i-ozone njalo njalo.I-oxidizer nganye ineenzuzo zayo kunye nemida.