Unyango lwe-acid-enamanzi amdaka

Amanzi amdaka akwi-acidic ngamanzi amdaka anexabiso le-pH lingaphantsi kwe-6. Ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye namanzi amdaka, i-acidic anokwahlulwa abe ngamanzi amdaka ane-acid anedid. Amanzi amdaka anqabileyo kunye namanzi amdaka abuthathaka; Amanzi amdaka kunye namanzi amdaka e-polyacid; Amanzi amdaka aphantsi kwe-acidic kunye namanzi amdaka aphambili e-acidic. Ngokwesiqhelo amanzi amdaka akwi-acidic, ukongeza kwi-acid ethile, ihlala inee-ions ezinzima kunye neetyuwa zazo kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Amanzi amdaka akwi-acidic avela kuluhlu olubanzi lwemithombo, kubandakanya amanzi amdaka, i-hydrometallgergy, intsimbi eqengqelekayo, ishishini lemichiza, i-acid, i-elektroly, i-elektroly, i-elektroniki kunye namanye amacandelo ezemveliso. Amanzi amdaka aqhelekileyo ngamanzi amdaka e-acid acid, alandelwa yi-hydrochloric acid kunye ne-nitric acid acid. Nyaka ngamnye, i-China imalunga nokukhupha phantse isigidi se-cuible ze-acid yemveliso yenkunkuma, ukuba la manzi inkunkuma akhutshiwe ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle konyango, uya kutshabalalisa intlanzi, ayonakalise intlanzi, kwaye atshabalalise impilo yendalo esingqongileyo. Amanzi amdaka omzi-mveliso kufuneka anyangwe ukuze ahlangabezane nemigangatho yelizwe le-National ngaphambi kokukhutshwa, amanzi amdaka ane-acid anokuphinda aphinde asebenze kwaye asetyenziswe kwakhona. Xa unyanga i-ACID yeNkunkuma, iindlela zinokukhethwa zibandakanya unyango lwetyuwa, indlela yoxinaniso, indlela yokungathathi cala, indlela yokukhupha, indlela yokwahlulahlulahlulahlula, indlela yokwahlulahlula-hlula, njl. Njl.

I-1. I-ityiwa iphinde isebenze kwakhona

I-ke ebizwa ngokuba yi-SEAT yokutyumba kukusebenzisa inani elikhulu lamanzi anetyiwa ukuze aphile phantse yonke into engcolileyo kwi-Acid yeNkunkuma. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela iya kuvelisa i-hydrochloric acid kwaye ichaphazele ukubuyiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-sulfuric acid, ke indlela yokutsalwa kwe-ocid ye-ortic, i-Sodium Bisete ifundwe.
I-Acid yeNkunkuma iqulethe i-icid ye-sulfuric kunye nokungcola okwahlukeneyo kwe-6-chloto-3-nid kunye ne-6-chlotonic acid eveliswe yi-toulfne, i-chloritition kunye ne-chloritions kunye nokuzimela. Indlela yokutsalela i-SEATS kukusebenzisa inani elikhulu lamanzi agcweleyo ukuba ahlawule phantse yonke into engcolileyo kwi-Acid yeNkunkuma. Indlela yokuphinda isebenze kwakhona ayinakuphela nje ukungcola ngokwahlukeneyo kwi-acid yenkunkuma, kodwa iphinde ibuyisele i-sulfuric acid ukuvelisa kwimveliso yomjikelo, ukonga iindleko kunye namandla.

I-2. Indlela yokuqalisa

Indlela yokugqobhoza isetyenziswa kwi-acid ye-volatile efana ne-hydrochloric acid, eyahlulwe kwisisombululo ngokunyanzelisa ukufezekisa umphumo wokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo.

I-3. Indlela yokungathathi cala kwezopolitiko

Isiseko esisisiseko se-Acid-isiseko se-H + (AQ) + oh- (AQ) = H2O ikwasisiseko esibalulekileyo sonyango lwamanzi amdaka ane-acid. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka aquka ziquka ukungathathi cala kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokutsha, ukungathathi cala kwezopolitiko, njl njl. umgangatho wokukhulula. I-Sodium Carbonate (soda ash), i-sodium hydroxide, i-limestone okanye i-lime njengezixhobo ze-Acid-Base

4. Indlela yokukhupha

Ukukhupha i-windows-olwenziweyo, okwaziwa ngokuba kukukhutshwa kweSolvent, yindlela yokusebenza yeyunithi esebenzisa umahluko kwi-sobulal yezinto ezilulwelo oluhlaza okwesiseko esifanelekileyo sokufezekisa ukwahlukana. Kunyango lwamanzi amdaka ane-acid, kuyafuneka ukwenza amanzi amdaka anamanzi kunye neSoftwiky yeSoftware, ukuze ukungcola kwi-Acid yeNkunkuma kudluliselwe kwisinyibilikisi. Iimfuno ezikhoyo zezi: (1) ye-acid yenkunkuma yi-Intert, ayisabelanga nge-Acid yeLayini, kwaye ayinyibiliki kwi-Acid yeNkunkuma; . (3) Ixabiso lixabiso eliphantsi kwaye kulula ukufumana; . I-Enti eqhelekileyo iquka i-Bedzene (i-Touluene, i-nitrobenzene, i-phelelosbote (creosote (creosote chederbol (i-richlorotenhane), i-iyopropyhane ye-Ether kunye ne-N-503.

I-5. I-Ion yokutshintsha kweNdawo

Umgaqo osisiseko wokunyanga ulwelo lwe-orgadic acid Inkunkuma i-ion yokutshintshiselana i-ion inokuthintela i-acid ye-Acid ye-Acid kwaye ikhuphe i-inorganic acids kunye neetyuwa zentsimbi.

I-6. Indlela yokwahlulahlula-hlula

Ngolwelo lwenkunkuma ye-acidic, iindlela zonyango ze-memnene ezifana ne-diylysis kunye ne-electrodialysis zinokusetyenziswa. Ukubuyiswa kwe-membrane ye-acid yenkunkuma ikakhulu kungumgaqo wokudakumba, oqhutywa ngumahluko oxibukayo. Isixhobo sonke senziwe i-membrane ye-diayiyisi eyahlukileyo, ipleyiti yolwelo, iqinisa iplate, isakhelo seplanti seplanti yokuhamba kwamanzi, njl njl.

7. Indlela yokupholisa i-crystallization

Indlela yokupholisa i-crystallization yindlela yokunciphisa ubushushu besisombululo kwaye sisebenzise isinyithi. Isetyenziswa kwiNkcitho yoNyango yeNcwadi yeNkunkuma ukuba ukungcola kwi-AID ye-Acid kuphononongwa ukuze kuhlawule isisombululo se-Acid ehlangabezana neemfuno kwaye kungasetyenziswa kwakhona. Umzekelo, i-sulfuric acid ikhutshiwe kwinkqubo yokuhlamba i-Acyl ye-Milly ye-roll iqulethe isixa esikhulu se-sulsate, ephathwa yinkqubo yokunyanzelwa kunye nokufihlakeleyo. Emva kokususwa kwesilivere ebunjiweyo ngokugcwaliswa, i-acid inokubuyiselwa kwinkqubo yokuthathwa kwensimbi yokuqhubeka kokusetyenziswa.
Ikristali yokupholisa ineemizi-mveliso ezininzi, eziboniswa apha ngenkqubo yokuthathwa kwentsimbi. Kwinkqubo yentsimbi kunye nokulungiswa koomatshini, isisombululo se-acid i-acid iqhele ukusetyenziswa ukususa umhlwa kumgangatho wensimbi. Ke ngoko, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe i-acid yenkunkuma kunokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko nokukhusela indalo. Ikristali yokupholisa isetyenziswa kumzi-mveliso ukufezekisa le nkqubo.

8. Indlela ye-oxidation

Le ndlela isetyenziselwe ixesha elide, kwaye umgaqo kukubola ubumbeko lwezinto eziphilayo kwi-acidic acid ye-oxidic ophantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ukuze iguqulwe kwi-acid yesalfuric acid, ukuze ihlaziywe. I-oxidants esetyenziswayo isetyenziswa i-hydrogen peroxide, i-nitric acid, i-prochloric acid, i-hypochurmine acid, nitrate, i-ozone njalo njalo. I-oxidizer nganye inezibonelelo zayo kunye nokusikelwa umda.